To Disclose or to Not Disclose Nursing and the Ethics of...

To Disclose or To Not Disclose: Nursing and the Ethics of Nondisclosure in the Dying Patient Kally L. Price Samuel Merritt University Abstract In nursing, the practice of nondisclosure is an ethical issue that calls into question the founding principles of trust, integrity, and autonomy in the nurse-patient relationship. Although the decision of nondisclosure to the terminal patient is the physicians, the nurse must follow and support this decision. The right of the patient to have control over their own healthcare information, and their right to know their diagnosis and prognosis and make treatment decisions are supported by the American Hospital Association, The Patient Self Determination Act, which requires education on†¦show more content†¦For centuries, physicians believed that disclosure of the terminal nature of an illness would cause the patients condition to decline (Krisman-Scott, 2000). However, Kubler-Ross and Glaser and Strauss methodically studied dying patients and found that while the patients first reaction to a terminal diagnosis is adverse, it later shifts to a more positive view. Additionall y, Feifels 1960s study of 60 dying patients found that 82% would like to be made aware about their health information and diagnosis (Krisman-Scott, 2000). ii. Thesis The nurses relationship with the patient is based on trust. In the Gallup poll for the last 8 years, nurses were selected as the most trustworthy professionals (Jones, 2009), showing that American society on the whole trusts nurses. When a nurse is caring for a terminal patient, the nurse witnesses patients health growing progressively worse. Under nondisclosure, the nurse must maintain the guise that there is hope for recovery (Krisman-Scott, 2000). The nurse would be unable to acknowledge or help the patient prepare for the impending death. Even if the dying patient may not be able to move toward better health, they still deserve the same opportunity to prepare themselves (financially, personally and spiritually and interpersonal) and their loved ones for their death. The purpose of this paper is to outline som e of the ethical issues surrounding nondisclosure in theShow MoreRelatedThe Code Of Ethics For Nurses1110 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Nursing is a career that is governed by a set of ethical principles. The duties of a nurse consist of care and support and its important that nurses are aware of their professional ethics. These principles are put into place to uphold and maintain moral values in healthcare. The American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics for nurses consists of nine provisions, outlined in the Code of Ethics for nurses with Interpretive Statements. These provisions are constructed to blueprintRead MoreProfessional Code Of Conduct : An Ethical Approach1419 Words   |  6 Pagesapproach in Nursing The health care system consists of broad spectrums which construct opportunities to provide quality care to their clients. These opportunities are influenced by society and technology consisted demands for streamline processes in health care. Those streamline processes focus on the review of professional code of conduct subjected to an overall mandate of regulations. In particular, regulations pertaining to health care ethics. For this purpose, health care ethics involve principles

Essay about Economy of Japan after tsunami - 1750 Words

When an earthquake followed by a tsunami hit Japan, the people were devastated and everyone was scrambling for their safety. The earthquake was one of the strongest on record and this caused an overwhelming tsunami that destroyed most of the nation. These events not only tore down Japan, but this natural disaster is going to greatly affect the rest of the world and the global economy. Before these events, the global economy was stable and now after these events the global economy is going to see a change for the worse. Some nations feel that they can self produce and are not going to be affected, but there are some nations that are dependent on the production of some products from other nations. Japan is a highly civilized country;†¦show more content†¦At the same time, some analysts expect global car production to fall by nearly one-third as a result of shortages of Japanese automotive parts† (EIU). Many companies can get products at a cheaper price by importing goods from Japan. Now companies have to worry about power sources and some things out of their control before they can start production again. The projected time for companies getting back on track again is having everything going perfectly with no other distractions or setbacks due to failure in a system. Japan as a nation is not only worrying about picking up the pieces from the disaster, but also worrying about a nuclear meltdown at a major power plant, â€Å"Japan is struggling to cope not only with the effects of the earthquake and tsunami, but also with the continuing threat of a nuclear meltdown at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. For the past several days, tens of millions of people have been living with the fear of major radiation leaks from the crippled plant† (EIU). Japan is desperate need of help and is living life worrying about everything on a day to day basis without being able to completely control things. People are suffering from these affects because there is no power to be used around the nation leaving people struggling to make it through day. Japan’s economy as whole can explain how the whole global economy is going to start failing because of a catastrophic event. ManyShow MoreRelatedThe Destruction And Devastation Of Earthquakes1739 Words   |  7 PagesEarthquakes have affected many different countries, such as, Haiti, Mexico, and Japan; all of which were affected differently. The many differences in plate tectonic activity are what cause earthquakes to be very different from each other. Every earthquake is different from the next because an earthquake is caused by many different factors, such as, plate tectonic movement. The Mexico earthquake, Haiti earthquake, and Japan earthquake had many differences in plate activity. Firstly, the Mexico earthquakeRead MoreToyota1690 Words   |  7 Pagestheir business continuation of technology infrastructure critical to an organization after the disaster occurred due to nature or human induced disaster. The Toyota Group is best known today is for cars. Toyota is world’s largest automaker by sales. Toyota primarily conducts business in the automotive industry but in the finance and other industries as well. The company’s primary markets for its automobiles are Japan, North America, Europe and Asia. So, it is very much important that the Toyota CompanyRead MoreEssay on Japan, After the Tragedy of the Gr eat East Japan Earthquake760 Words   |  4 PagesDevastation struck Japan on March 11, 2011 when the main island, Honshu, was rocked by the worst earthquake in the country’s history. According the U.S. Geological Survey, the earthquake, named the Great East Japan Earthquake, was so severe it shifted the earth’s axis by 10 cm and the jolt of the earth’s crust triggered a tsunami of epic proportion. Carrying a wall of water over 10 meters high and massive enough to been seen by the International Space Station, the tsunami claimed more lives thanRead MoreTsunami Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesTsunamis become disasters because of the human context in which they occur. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Use examples of known tsunami events recently and in the past to illustrate your arguments. According to Wisner et al 2004, disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability,† implying that in unpopulated areas hazards can not become disasters as there is no vulnerability (Quarantelli E.L. 1998). 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The rings of surviving spruce trees from this earthquake provide evidence of a large natural disaster in 1700. A megathrust is the world’s largest type of earthquake, often nine in magnitude or higher. These earthquakes onlyRead MoreEffects Of Tsunami On Human, Econom y, And Environmental Of Sri Lanka725 Words   |  3 PagesLanka were destroyed by a horrible tsunami on 26 December 2004. Most people of Sri Lanka did not experience this natural disaster, except flooding, landslides and cyclones. The effect of tsunami had a large scale on Sri Lanka’s coastal areas, around 70 per cent of total 1400 km long of coastal zones was affected (Ratnasooriya et al., 2007). The effect of tsunami has enormous impacts on human, economy, and environmental of Sri Lanka. Impact on human is one of the tsunami’ s effects. According to MoFPRead More‘Natural Disasters Are Often Not Natural Disasters, but in Fact Human Disasters. 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Downsizing and Organizational Performance and Commitment

Question: Discuss about the Downsizing and Organizational Performance and Commitment. Answer: Introduction: The spread of globalisation has made the business world very complex. Business organisations are now competing with each other at a global scale and are constantly looking out for strategies and processes that can help them in reducing their expenses and maximise their gains in order to remain competitive in the market. In simple words, downsizing can be defined as a process that is carried out by business organisations in order to reduce the number of employees that are on the operating payroll. According to Rouse (2005), downsizing can sometimes be confused with layoff but the difference between the two terms is that downsizing is a permanent action while laying off of employees is a temporary downscaling. Downsizing the workforce of a company is a task which is never accepted easily by the management as well as the workforce. It is an unpleasant task and almost everybody in the organisation is affected by it. Cascio (1993) proposes that downsizing is generally done by companies when they either have to make changes to increase company value or to eliminate unwanted costs One of the major reasons for employee downsizing is the intention of the higher authority to cut down costs of the company. The salaries offered to the employees is counted as liability in the balance sheets, which results in a decrease in the owner equity. The salary that a company pays to its employees has a direct impact on the retained earnings. As a result, cost reduction becomes one of the prime reasons for downsizing (Sahdev, 2003). Another reasons for downsizing is when a company thinks that it can increase its overall productivity by replacing some of the workers with efficient machines or technology. Third r eason for downsizing the employees of a company can be to add value. When downsizing is carried out, it indicates that major restructuring in the companys organisational structure in underway. If the shareholders believe that downsizing can increase profitability, the price of the companys stock will increase and more investors will be attracted. Hence, it will ultimately result in an increased company value (Cascio, 1993). Further, one of the main reasons for downsizing is outsourcing. When companies feel that they can outsource a certain process from a different company at lesser cost, they can downsize their workforce in order to achieve cost advantages (MAERTZ et al., 2010). Like most of the things in this world, downsizing too has its own advantages and disadvantages. One of the greatest advantages of downsizing is that it allows a company to reduce its redundant workforce. Secondly, downsizing can help organisations in saving their businesses by bringing them back on the track. It can also help in increasing the transparency as a downsizing company will have to share more information with its employees. Thirdly, It helps in making the work operations more lean. Fourthly, downsizing can help in retaining talented employees and laying off the ones that are not performing well (Connor, 1993). With lesser number of employees, a greater focus is required to be given on promoting team work. Hence, it can also help in promoting team work in the organisation. Fifthly, reducing the overall size of an organisation can make it easier for the companies to manage their workforces. Sixthly, it provides an opportunity to business organisations to revaluate their busi ness strategies and correct the mistakes which they have made in the past. Lastly, it can help a company in surviving market competition by reducing the number of workers (Ezati Jivan, 2012) On the other hand, downsizing can force companies to lose their talented employees in order to ensure market survival. A company looking for downsizing of employees can also lose its credibility amongst the vendors, suppliers and other business links. Secondly, downsizing can sometime have a direct impact on the bottom-line of the company. For example, losing workforce can result in decrease in productivity (IVERSON and ZATZICK, 2007). Thirdly, downsizing can also result in negative publicity as fresh employees tend to work less with organisations that adopt such strategies. Fourthly, letting people go off from the workplace can also have a negative impact in the decision making power of the organisation (Van Dierendonck Jacobs, 2010). Fifthly, downsizing of employees can also lead to loss in knowledge as the company might have to lay off a number of its important employees (Connor, 1993). Lastly, one of the most negative impacts of downsizing is that it can overburden the leftover employees with responsibilities and work because a situation might arise when they will also have to do the work which was earlier being done by the employees who have been laid off (WiseStep, 2017) There are a number of factors that can have a huge impact on the success or failure of a downsizing strategy. The time period or the extent till which a company downsizes its workforce can have an impact on the success rate of the strategy. Secondly, the expenses that the company will have to bear in order to compensate the employees for laying them off can also have an impact on the success rate. Thirdly, the values that an organisation works according to can also govern the chances of success or failure of a downsizing strategy. Lastly, the effectiveness of the corporate leaders in planning and carrying out the downsizing strategy can also have a huge impact on the success or failure of a downsizing strategy (Sahdev, 2003). Downsizing can sometimes be a necessary evil for the survival of business organisations. It is important that organisations should stick to downsizing as the last resort when nothing else works. Some alternative strategies to downsizing that business organisations can use to avoid such strategies can be to put a temporary stoppage to all future recruitment and hiring processes. Further, the company can also make it mandatory for employees to take a certain number of unpaid leaves. Secondly, the company can reduce the total number of working hours or reducing the pay which is given to some employees who work for extra hours. Gandolfi (2008) suggests that companies can also introduce a temporary cut in the salaries and benefits of all the employees while extending the reduction in the salaries of the employees can also be done if adverse situations continue to prevail. Thirdly, closing the workplace for a short period of time, though all the administration processes continue to work. F ourthly, asking the salaried employees to take voluntary leaves for a particular period of time can also help in avoiding downsizing. Further, one of the best ways to decrease employee expenses and avoid downsizing can be to lend the unwanted employees to a closely related company and hire them back once the conditions are back to normal. Lastly, the company can offer incentives to those employees who chose to quit the organisation voluntarily (Gandolfi, 2008). The companies that have already carried out downsizing can also undertake certain measures which can help them to improve the after effects. This can be done by providing bonuses to the employees who had been laid off during the downsizing strategies. Companies should also maintain good relations with laid off employees so that they can rehire them once the situation gets back to normal. Lastly, companies can also improve the situation by carrying out internal job affairs. Internal job affairs refer to retaining talented employees. Such firms can also host events and can take measures to redeploy the laid off employees (Gandolfi, 2008). With so many long term and short term alternatives available to the companies, it is obvious that downsizing can be avoided to a great extent. Thus, downsizing should be kept as the last option when nothing else works. References Advantages and Disadvantages of Downsizing Employees - WiseStep. (2017).WiseStep. Retrieved 26 January 2017, from https://content.wisestep.com/advantages-disadvantages-downsizing-employees/ Cascio, W. (1993). Downsizing: What do we know? What have we learned?.Academy Of Management Perspectives,7(1), 95-104. https://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ame.1993.9409142062 Connor, W. (1993). ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTS OF DOWNSIZING.Information Systems Management,10(3), 30-34. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10580539308906941 Ezati Jivan, M. (2012). An empirical study on effects of downsizing on private firms.Management Science Letters,2(5), 1695-1700. https://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2012.04.019 Gandolfi, F. (2008).HR STRATEGIES THAT CAN TAKE THE STING OUT OF DOWNSIZING-RELATED LAYOFFS .Iveybusinessjournal.com. Retrieved 26 January 2017, from https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/hr-strategies-that-can-take-the-sting-out-of-downsizing-related-layoffs/ IVERSON, R. ZATZICK, C. (2007). High-Commitment Work Practices and Downsizing Harshness in Australian Workplaces.Industrial Relations,46(3), 456-480. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2007.00477.x MAERTZ, C., WILEY, J., LeROUGE, C., CAMPION, M. (2010). Downsizing Effects on Survivors: Layoffs, Offshoring, and Outsourcing.Industrial Relations: A Journal Of Economy And Society,49(2), 275-285. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2009.00599.x Rai, S., Lakshman, C. (2014). Organizational Culture and Commitment Among Lay-Off Survivors: A Tale of Two MNCs in India. South Asian Journal of Management, 21(4), pp 7 - 26 Rouse, M. (2005).What is downsizing? - Definition from WhatIs.com.WhatIs.com. Retrieved 26 January 2017, from https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/downsizing Sahdev, K. (2003). Survivors' reactions to downsizing: the importance of contextual factors.Human Resource Management Journal,13(4), 56-74. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2003.tb00105.x Sitlington, H. Marshall, V. (2017).Do downsizing decisions affect organisational knowledge and performance?. Retrieved 26 January 2017,

The Purpose Of This Paper Is To Illustrate The Events Surrounding Essa

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the events surrounding the end of the American Civil War. This war was a war of epic proportion. Never before and not since have so many Americans died in battle. The American Civil War was truly tragic in terms of human life. In this document, I will speak mainly around those involved on the battlefield in the closing days of the conflict. Also, reference will be made to the leading men behind the Union and Confederate forces. The war was beginning to end by January of 1865. By then, Federal (Federal was another name given to the Union Army) armies were spread throughout the Confederacy and the Confederate Army had shrunk extremely in size. In the year before, the North had lost an enormous amount of lives, but had more than enough to lose in comparison to the South. General Grant became known as the "Butcher" (Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.,1894) and many wanted to see him removed. But Lincoln stood firm with his General, and the war continued. This paper will follow the happenings and events between the winter of 1864-65 and the surrender of The Confederate States of America. All of this will most certainly illustrate that April 9, 1865 was indeed the end of a tragedy. CUTTING OFF THE SOUTH In September of 1864, General William T. Sherman and his army cleared the city of Atlanta of its civilian population then rested ever so briefly. It was from there that General Sherman and his army began its famous "march to the sea". The march covered a distance of 400 miles and was 60 miles wide on the way. For 32 days no news of him reached the North. He had cut himself off from his base of supplies, and his men lived on what ever they could get from the country through which they passed. On their route, the army destroyed anything and everything that they could not use but was presumed usable to the enemy. In view of this destruction, it is understandable that Sherman quoted "war is hell" (Sherman, William T., Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. Westport, Conn.:Greenwood Press, 1972). Finally, on December 20, Sherman's men reached the city of Savannah and from there Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln: "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah, with 150 heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, and also about 25,000 bales of cotton" (Sherman, William T., Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. Westport, Conn.:Greenwood Press, 1972). Grant had decided that the only way to win and finish the war would be to crunch with numbers. He knew that the Federal forces held more than a modest advantage in terms of men and supplies. This in mind, Grant directed Sherman to turn around now and start heading back toward Virginia. He immediately started making preparations to provide assistance to Sherman on the journey. General John M. Schofield and his men were to detach from the Army of the Cumberland, which had just embarrassingly defeated the Confederates at Nashville, and proceed toward North Carolina. His final destination was to be Goldsboro, which was roughly half the distance between Savannah and Richmond. This is where he and his 20,000 troops would meet Sherman and his 50,000 troops. Sherman began the move north in mid-January of 1865. The only hope of Confederate resistance would be supplied by General P.G.T. Beauregard. He was scraping together an army with every resource he could lay his hands on, but at best would only be able to muster about 30,000 men. This by obvious mathematics would be no challenge to the combined forces of Schofield and Sherman, let alone Sherman. Sherman's plan was to march through South Carolina all the while confusing the enemy. His men would march in two ranks: One would travel northwest to give the impression of a press against Augusta and the other would march northeast toward Charleston. However the one true objective would be Columbia. Sherman's force arrived in Columbia on February 16. The city was burned to the ground and great controversy was to arise. The Confederates claimed that Sherman's men set the fires "deliberately, systematically, and atrociously". However, Sherman claimed that the fires were burning when they arrived. The fires had been set to cotton bales by Confederate Calvary to prevent the Federal Army from getting them and the high winds quickly spread the fire. The controversy would be short lived as no proof would ever be presented. So with Columbia, Charleston, and Augusta